Kwincwadi yombhali wase-Itali uCalvino ethi “The Invisible City” kukho esi sivakalisi: “Isixeko sinjengephupha, konke okunokucingelwa kunokuphupha …..”
Njengendalo enkulu yenkcubeko yoluntu, isixeko sithwele umnqweno woluntu wobomi obungcono. Kangangamawaka eminyaka, ukusuka kuPlato ukuya kuMore, abantu bebesoloko benqwenela ukwakha i-utopia. Ngoko ke, ngandlela ithile, ukwakhiwa kwezixeko ezintsha ezikrelekrele kusondele kakhulu kubukho bemibono yabantu yobomi obungcono.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, phantsi kophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweziseko ezintsha zaseTshayina kunye nesizukulwana esitsha setekhnoloji yolwazi efana ne-Intanethi yezinto, ukwakhiwa kwezixeko ezikrelekrele kuyaqhubeka ngokupheleleyo, kwaye isixeko samaphupha esinokuva nokucinga, siguquke kwaye sibe nobushushu siya siqala ukuba yinyani kancinci kancinci.
Iprojekthi yesibini ngobukhulu kwicandelo le-IoT: iiSmart Cities
Iiprojekthi zezixeko ezikrelekrele kunye nezixeko ezikrelekrele zibe zezinye zezona zinto zithethwa kakhulu ngazo, eziphunyezwa ikakhulu ngendlela enenjongo nedibeneyo ye-Intanethi yezinto, idatha kunye noqhagamshelo, kusetyenziswa indibaniselwano yezisombululo kunye nezinye iitekhnoloji.
Iiprojekthi zesixeko esikrelekrele ziza kwanda kakhulu njengoko zihamba notshintsho oluvela kwiiprojekthi zesixeko esikrelekrele zexeshana ukuya kwizixeko zokuqala ezikrelekrele. Enyanisweni, olu hlumo lwaqala kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo lwaza lwakhawuleza ngo-2016. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kulula ukubona ukuba iiprojekthi zesixeko esikrelekrele zezinye zeendawo eziphambili ze-IoT ekusebenzeni.
Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwengxelo epapashwe yi-IoT Analytics, inkampani yaseJamani ye-IoT analytics, iiprojekthi ze-smart city zezona projekthi ze-IoT zimbini ngobukhulu ngokwesabelo sehlabathi seeprojekthi ze-IoT, emva koshishino lwe-Intanethi. Kwaye phakathi kweeprojekthi ze-smart city, usetyenziso oludumileyo kukuthutha okukrelekrele, kulandele izixhobo ezikrelekrele.
Ukuze sibe sisixeko esikrelekrele "sokwenyani", izixeko zifuna indlela edibeneyo edibanisa iiprojekthi kwaye incamathisele idatha kunye namaqonga amaninzi ukuze kufezekiswe zonke izibonelelo zesixeko esikrelekrele. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ubuchwepheshe obuvulekileyo kunye namaqonga edatha evulekileyo kuya kuba ngundoqo ekuqhubekeni kwinqanaba elilandelayo.
I-IDC ithi amaqonga edatha evulekileyo ngo-2018 ngawona mmandla ulandelayo kwingxoxo yokuba yiqonga le-IoT. Nangona oku kuza kudibana nemiqobo ethile kwaye kungekho nto ikhankanyiweyo ngezixeko ezikrelekrele, kuyacaca ukuba uphuhliso lwamaqonga edatha evulekileyo ngokuqinisekileyo luya kubonakala kakhulu kwindawo yesixeko esikrelekrele.
Olu tshintsho lwedatha evulekileyo lukhankanyiwe kwi-IDC FutureScape: 2017 Global IoT Forecast, apho inkampani ithi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40% yoorhulumente basekhaya nabengingqi baza kusebenzisa i-IoT ukuguqula iziseko zophuhliso ezifana nezibane zesitalato, iindlela kunye neempawu zendlela zibe yimpahla, endaweni yokuba zibe ngamatyala, ngo-2019.
Ziziphi iimeko zesicelo sesixeko esikrelekrele?
Mhlawumbi asicingi kwangoko ngeeprojekthi zokusingqongileyo ezikrelekrele kunye neeprojekthi zezilumkiso zezikhukula ezikrelekrele, kodwa akunakuphikwa ukuba zibalulekile kwiiprojekthi zesixeko ezikrelekrele. Umzekelo, xa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo ezidolophini luchaswa, ke esi sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokwakha iiprojekthi zesixeko ezikrelekrele, njengoko zinokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezikhawulezileyo neziluncedo kubemi.
Kakade ke, imizekelo yesixeko esikrelekrele edumileyo ibandakanya ukupaka okukrelekrele, ulawulo lwezithuthi olukrelekrele, izibane zesitalato ezikrelekrele kunye nolawulo lwenkunkuma olukrelekrele. Oko kuthethiweyo, la matyala akwadibanisa umxube wokusebenza kakuhle, ukusombulula iingxaki zasezidolophini, ukunciphisa iindleko, ukuphucula ubomi kwiindawo zasezidolophini, kunye nokubeka abemi kuqala ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo.
Ezi zilandelayo zezinye zeemeko zesicelo okanye iindawo eziphathelele izixeko ezikrelekrele.
Iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ezinje ngeenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, iinkonzo zokhenketho, ezothutho zikawonke-wonke, ubuwena kunye nolawulo, kunye neenkonzo zolwazi.
Ukhuseleko loluntu, kwiindawo ezifana nokukhanyisa okukrelekrele, ukubeka esweni okusingqongileyo, ukulandelwa kwempahla, ukugcinwa kwamapolisa, ukujonga ngevidiyo kunye nokuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka
Uzinzo, kubandakanya ukubeka esweni okusingqongileyo, ulawulo lwenkunkuma olukrelekrele kunye nokurisayikilisha, amandla akrelekrele, ukulinganisa okukrelekrele, amanzi akrelekrele, njl.
Iziseko zophuhliso, kuquka iziseko zophuhliso ezikrelekrele, ukujonga impilo yezakhiwo kunye nezikhumbuzo, izakhiwo ezikrelekrele, ukunkcenkceshela okukrelekrele, njl.
Ezothutho: iindlela ezikrelekrele, ukwabelana ngezithuthi eziqhagamshelweyo, ukupaka okukrelekrele, ulawulo olukrelekrele lwezithuthi, ukujonga ingxolo kunye nongcoliseko, njl.
Ukuhlanganiswa ngakumbi kwemisebenzi kunye neenkonzo zesixeko esikrelekrele kwiindawo ezifana nokhathalelo lwempilo olukrelekrele, imfundo ekrelekrele, ulawulo olukrelekrele, ucwangciso olukrelekrele, kunye nedatha ekrelekrele/evulekileyo, ezizezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezivumela izixeko ezikrelekrele.
Ngaphezulu nje kwesixeko esikrelekrele esisekelwe "kubuchwepheshe"
Njengoko siqala ukuya kwizixeko ezikrelekrele ngokwenene, iindlela eziphathelele unxibelelwano, ukutshintshiselana ngedatha, amaqonga e-IoT, nokunye okuninzi kuya kuqhubeka nokukhula.
Ingakumbi kwiimeko ezininzi zokusetyenziswa ezifana nolawulo lwenkunkuma ekrelekrele okanye ukupaka okukrelekrele, i-stack yetekhnoloji ye-IoT yezicelo zesixeko esikrelekrele zanamhlanje ilula kwaye ayibizi kakhulu. Iindawo zasezidolophini zihlala zine-wireless coverage elungileyo yeendawo ezihambayo, kukho amafu, kukho izisombululo zeengongoma kunye neemveliso ezenzelwe iiprojekthi zesixeko esikrelekrele, kwaye kukho uqhagamshelo lwenethiwekhi yendawo ebanzi enamandla aphantsi (LPWAN) kwizixeko ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela ezaneleyo kwizicelo ezininzi.
Nangona kukho inkalo ebalulekileyo yobuchwephesha koku, kukho okungaphezulu kakhulu kwizixeko ezikrelekrele kunoko. Umntu angade axoxe ngokuba kuthetha ukuthini "ubuchule". Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwinyani entsonkothileyo nebanzi yezixeko ezikrelekrele, imalunga nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zabemi kunye nokusombulula imingeni yabantu, uluntu kunye noluntu lwasezidolophini.
Ngamanye amazwi: izixeko ezineeprojekthi zesixeko esikrelekrele eziphumelelayo azibonisi buchwepheshe, kodwa zifezekiswa iinjongo ezisekelwe kwimbono epheleleyo yendalo esakhiweyo kunye neemfuno zabantu (kuquka neemfuno zokomoya). Ngokwesiqhelo, ewe, ilizwe ngalinye kunye nenkcubeko zahlukile, nangona iimfuno ezisisiseko ziqhelekile kwaye zibandakanya iinjongo zokusebenza kunye nezoshishino.
Eyona nto iphambili kuyo nayiphi na into ebizwa ngokuba yi-smart namhlanje, nokuba zizakhiwo ezikrelekrele, iigridi ezikrelekrele okanye izixeko ezikrelekrele, kukunxibelelana kunye nedatha, enikwe amandla ziiteknoloji ezahlukeneyo kwaye iguqulelwe kubukrelekrele obuxhasa ukwenziwa kwezigqibo. Kakade ke, oku akuthethi ukuba ukunxibelelana yi-Intanethi yezinto kuphela; uluntu oludibeneyo kunye nabemi babaluleke ngokulinganayo.
Ngenxa yemingeni emininzi yehlabathi efana nokwaluphala kwabantu kunye nemiba yemozulu, kunye "nezifundo ezifunyenweyo" kulo bhubhane, kuyacaca ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili ukuphinda sijonge injongo yezixeko, ingakumbi kuba umgangatho wentlalo kunye nomgangatho wobomi uya kuhlala ubalulekile.
Uphononongo lwe-Accenture olujonge iinkonzo zikarhulumente ezijolise kubemi, oluhlolisise ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji entsha kuquka i-Intanethi yezinto, lufumanise ukuba ukuphucula ulwaneliseko lwabemi ngokwenene bekuphambili kuluhlu. Njengoko i-infographic yolu phononongo ibonisa, ukuphucula ulwaneliseko lwabasebenzi nako bekuphezulu (80%), kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusebenzisa iitekhnoloji ezintsha eziqhagamshelweyo kukhokelele kwiziphumo ezibonakalayo.
Zithini iingxaki zokufikelela kwisixeko esikrelekrele ngokwenene?
Nangona iiprojekthi zesixeko esikrelekrele zikhulile kwaye ezintsha ziqaliswa kwaye zisetyenziswa, kuya kuthatha iminyaka eliqela ngaphambi kokuba sibize isixeko ngenene ngokuthi “isixeko esikrelekrele”.
Izixeko ezikrelekrele zanamhlanje zingumbono nje kuphela kunokuba yindlela ecwangcisiweyo yokufikelela ekupheleni. Khawuthelekelele ukuba kukho umsebenzi omninzi ekufuneka wenziwe kwimisebenzi, iiasethi kunye neziseko zophuhliso ukuze kubekho isixeko esikrelekrele ngokwenene, kwaye lo msebenzi unokuguqulelwa kwinguqulelo ekrelekrele. Nangona kunjalo, ukufezekisa isixeko esikrelekrele ngokwenene kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yemiba nganye ebandakanyekayo.
Kwisixeko esikrelekrele, zonke ezi ndawo ziqhagamshelwe, kwaye oku akuyonto inokufezekiswa ngobusuku obunye. Kukho imiba emininzi yembali, efana neminye imisebenzi kunye nemigaqo, kufuneka izakhono ezintsha, kufuneka kwenziwe unxibelelwano oluninzi, kwaye kukho ulungelelwaniso oluninzi oluza kwenziwa kuwo onke amanqanaba (ulawulo lwesixeko, iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, iinkonzo zothutho, ukhuseleko, iziseko zophuhliso zikawonke-wonke, iiarhente zikarhulumente kunye nabakhi, iinkonzo zemfundo, njl.njl.).
Ukongeza, ngokwembono yetekhnoloji kunye nesicwangciso, kuyacaca ukuba kufuneka sigxile kukhuseleko, idatha enkulu, ukuhambahamba, iteknoloji yonxibelelwano yelifu kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezihloko ezinxulumene nolwazi. Kuyacaca ukuba ulwazi, kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo lolwazi kunye nedatha, zibalulekile kwisixeko esikrelekrele sanamhlanje nesangomso.
Omnye umceli mngeni ongenakuyityeshelwa sisimo sengqondo kunye nokuzimisela kwabemi. Kwaye ukuxhaswa ngemali kweeprojekthi zesixeko esikrelekrele yenye yezinto ezithintelayo. Ngale ndlela, kulungile ukubona amanyathelo karhulumente, nokuba ngawesizwe okanye angaphaya kwelizwe, ajoliswe kwizixeko ezikrelekrele okanye kwi-ecology, okanye aqalwe ngabadlali beli shishini, njengeNkqubo yokuQhuba iMali yeZiseko zoPhuhliso lwaseMadolobheni yeCisco.
Kodwa ngokucacileyo, olu bunzima aluyithinteli ukukhula kwezixeko ezikrelekrele kunye neeprojekthi zezixeko ezikrelekrele. Njengoko izixeko zabelana ngamava azo kwaye ziphuhlisa iiprojekthi ezikrelekrele ezineenzuzo ezicacileyo, zinethuba lokukhulisa ubuchule bazo nokufunda kwiintsilelo ezinokubakho. Becinga ngesicwangciso-ndlela esiquka uluhlu lwabachaphazelekayo, kwaye oku kuya kwandisa kakhulu amathuba eeprojekthi zesixeko esikrelekrele zangoku kwixesha elizayo elingaphezulu nelidibeneyo.
Jonga izixeko ezikrelekrele ngokubanzi
Nangona izixeko ezikrelekrele zinxulunyaniswa netekhnoloji, umbono wesixeko esikrelekrele ungaphezulu koko. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo kwisixeko esikrelekrele kukusebenzisa itekhnoloji efanelekileyo ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi besixeko.
Njengoko inani labantu emhlabeni likhula, kufuneka kwakhiwe izixeko ezintsha kwaye iindawo zasezidolophini ezikhoyo ziyaqhubeka nokukhula. Xa zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, ubuchwepheshe bubalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nale mingeni nasekuncedeni ekusombululeni imingeni emininzi ejongene nezixeko zanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze kudalwe ihlabathi lesixeko elikrelekrele ngokwenene, kufuneka umbono obanzi.
Uninzi lweengcali lujonga izixeko ezikrelekrele ngokubanzi, kokubini ngokweenjongo kunye netekhnoloji, kwaye abanye bangathi nasiphi na isicelo seselula esenziwe yiyo nayiphi na icandelo sisicelo sesixeko esikrelekrele.
1. Imbono yomntu ngaphaya kobuchwepheshe obukrelekrele: ukwenza izixeko zibe ziindawo ezingcono zokuhlala
Nokuba ubuchwepheshe bethu obukrelekrele bukrelekrele kangakanani na kwaye bukrelekrele kangakanani na ukuba busetyenziswe, kufuneka sijongane nezinto ezisisiseko - abantu, ikakhulu kwiimbono ezi-5, kubandakanya ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembana, ukubandakanywa kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba, ukuzimisela ukutshintsha, ukuzimisela ukwenza okuthile, umanyano loluntu, njl.
UJerry Hultin, umphathi weGlobal Future Group, umphathi weSmart City Expo World Congress Advisory Board, kunye nengcali yesixeko esikrelekrele enamava, uthe, “Zininzi izinto esinokwenza, kodwa ekugqibeleni, kufuneka siqale ngathi.”
Umanyano lwentlalo lusisiseko sesixeko abantu abafuna ukuhlala kuso, basithande, basikhule, basifunde baze basikhathalele, isiseko sehlabathi lesixeko esikrelekrele. Njengabantu abaphantsi kwezixeko, abemi banesifiso sokuthatha inxaxheba, batshintshe, baze benze into ethile. Kodwa kwizixeko ezininzi, abaziva bebandakanyiwe okanye beceliwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba, kwaye oku kuyinyani ngakumbi phakathi kwabantu abathile nakumazwe apho kugxilwe kakhulu kubuchwepheshe besixeko esikrelekrele ukuphucula umbutho woluntu, kodwa kugxilwe kancinci kumalungelo oluntu asisiseko kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba.
Ngaphezu koko, ubuchwepheshe bunokunceda ekuphuculeni ukhuseleko, kodwa kuthekani ngokuthembana? Emva kohlaselo, iziphithiphithi kwezopolitiko, iintlekele zemvelo, amahlazo kwezopolitiko, okanye ukungaqiniseki okuza namaxesha atshintsha kakhulu kwizixeko ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela, akukho themba lincinci lokuba ukuthembana kwabantu kuya kuncipha kakhulu ukuphuculwa kwezixeko ezikrelekrele.
Kungoko ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela ubuntu besixeko nelizwe ngalinye; kubalulekile ukuqwalasela abemi ngabanye; kwaye kubalulekile ukufunda ngeendlela ezisebenza ngayo kuluntu, izixeko kunye namaqela abemi kunye nokusebenzisana kwabo nenkqubo ekhulayo kunye neetekhnoloji ezidibeneyo kwizixeko ezikrelekrele.
2. Inkcazo kunye nombono wesixeko esikrelekrele ngokwembono yentshukumo
Ingcamango, umbono, inkcazo kunye nenyaniso yesixeko esikrelekrele zihlala zitshintshatshintsha.
Kwiindlela ezininzi, kuyinto entle ukuba inkcazo yesixeko esikrelekrele ingamiselwanga phantsi. Isixeko, ingasathethwa ke ngendawo yasezidolophini, sisidalwa esiphilayo kunye nenkqubo yendalo enobomi bayo kwaye yenziwe zizinto ezininzi ezihambayo, eziphilayo, ezidibeneyo, ikakhulu abemi, abasebenzi, iindwendwe, abafundi, njalo njalo.
Inkcazo eqhelekileyo "yesixeko esikrelekrele" iya kuyityeshela indlela esitshintshatshintsha ngayo isixeko, itshintsha kwaye ihluke ngayo.
Ukunciphisa izixeko ezikrelekrele ukuya kubuchwepheshe obufumana iziphumo ngokusebenzisa izixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo, iinkqubo, uthungelwano lolwazi, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuqonda okuvela kubukrelekrele obuqhagamshelweyo nobusebenzayo yindlela enye yokuchaza isixeko esikrelekrele. Kodwa ayizinaki izinto ezibalulekileyo zezixeko nezizwe, ayizinaki iinkalo zenkcubeko, kwaye ibeka ubuchwepheshe phambili naphambili kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Kodwa nangona sizibophelela kwinqanaba letekhnoloji, kulula ukulibala ukuba itekhnoloji ikwakwintshukumo eqhubekayo nekhawulezayo, kunye namathuba amatsha avelayo, kanye njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha kwinqanaba lezixeko kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Asikuko nje ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo, kodwa kunye neembono kunye neembono abantu abanazo malunga nezo teknoloji, kanye njengoko zinjalo kwinqanaba lezixeko, uluntu kunye nezizwe ngokubanzi.
Kuba ezinye iitekhnoloji zinika amandla eendlela ezingcono zokulawula izixeko, ukukhonza abemi kunye nokulungiselela imingeni yangoku neyexesha elizayo. Kwabanye, indlela abemi ababandakanyeka ngayo kunye nendlela izixeko ezilawulwa ngayo iba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwinqanaba letekhnoloji.
Ngoko ke nokuba sinamathela kwinkcazelo esisiseko yesixeko esikrelekrele kwiingcambu zaso zobuchwepheshe, akukho sizathu sokuba oku kungabi nakutshintsha, kwaye kuya kutshintsha ngokufanelekileyo njengoko iimbono ngendima nendawo yeteknoloji ziqhubeka nokukhula.
Ngaphezu koko, izixeko kunye nemibutho, kunye nemibono yezixeko, ayipheleli nje ekuhlukeni ngokwengingqi, indawo, kwanaphakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo eedemokhrasi ngaphakathi kwesixeko, kodwa ikwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Feb-08-2023